Wenzlaff.de – Rund um die Programmierung
mit Java, Raspberry Pi, SDR, Linux, Arduino, Sicherheit, Blender, Statistik, Krypto und Blockchain
Manchmal will man wissen, welche Ports alle auf dem Raspberry Pi verwendet werden. Das geht z.B. mit
sudo netstat -tulpen
Das kann sich auch gut merken. Einfach an die Blumen „Tulpen“ denken.
oder auch nur alle aktiven mit „Linux Quickie: Wie können alle aktive Ports mit netstat angezeigt werden?“ weiterlesen
Um die Systemprozesse zu überwachen gibt es auch für den Raspberry Pi eine Menge Tools. Die Features Liste von Glances ist umfangreich:
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CPU Memory Load Process list Network interface Disk I/O IRQ / Raid Sensors Filesystem (and folders) Docker Monitor Alert System info Uptime Quicklook (CPU, MEM, LOAD) |
Das Glances kann schnell installiert werden mit:
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sudo apt-get install glances |
Dann starten mit glances und schon erscheint das Monitoring Tool:
„Glances, es muss ja nicht immer nmon oder top sein also „An Eye on your system““ weiterlesen
Zuerst mal eine Mindmap zu TShark, dem Kommandline-Tool von Wireshark (frühe Ethereal).
Zuerste den rPi aktualisieren und das Packet installieren mit:
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sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade sudo apt-get install tshark |
Zuerst einmal die Befehle und die Version für die Komandozeile mit
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tshark -h |
ausgeben:
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TShark 1.12.1 (Git Rev Unknown from unknown) Dump and analyze network traffic. See http://www.wireshark.org for more information. Copyright 1998-2014 Gerald Combs <gerald@wireshark.org> and contributors. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Usage: tshark [options] ... Capture interface: -i <interface> name or idx of interface (def: first non-loopback) -f <capture filter> packet filter in libpcap filter syntax -s <snaplen> packet snapshot length (def: 65535) -p don't capture in promiscuous mode -I capture in monitor mode, if available -B <buffer size> size of kernel buffer (def: 2MB) -y <link type> link layer type (def: first appropriate) -D print list of interfaces and exit -L print list of link-layer types of iface and exit Capture stop conditions: -c <packet count> stop after n packets (def: infinite) -a <autostop cond.> ... duration:NUM - stop after NUM seconds filesize:NUM - stop this file after NUM KB files:NUM - stop after NUM files Capture output: -b <ringbuffer opt.> ... duration:NUM - switch to next file after NUM secs filesize:NUM - switch to next file after NUM KB files:NUM - ringbuffer: replace after NUM files Input file: -r <infile> set the filename to read from (- to read from stdin) Processing: -2 perform a two-pass analysis -R <read filter> packet Read filter in Wireshark display filter syntax -Y <display filter> packet displaY filter in Wireshark display filter syntax -n disable all name resolutions (def: all enabled) -N <name resolve flags> enable specific name resolution(s): "mntC" -d <layer_type>==<selector>,<decode_as_protocol> ... "Decode As", see the man page for details Example: tcp.port==8888,http -H <hosts file> read a list of entries from a hosts file, which will then be written to a capture file. (Implies -W n) Output: -w <outfile|-> write packets to a pcap-format file named "outfile" (or to the standard output for "-") -C <config profile> start with specified configuration profile -F <output file type> set the output file type, default is pcapng an empty "-F" option will list the file types -V add output of packet tree (Packet Details) -O <protocols> Only show packet details of these protocols, comma separated -P print packet summary even when writing to a file -S <separator> the line separator to print between packets -x add output of hex and ASCII dump (Packet Bytes) -T pdml|ps|psml|text|fields format of text output (def: text) -e <field> field to print if -Tfields selected (e.g. tcp.port, _ws.col.Info) this option can be repeated to print multiple fields -E<fieldsoption>=<value> set options for output when -Tfields selected: header=y|n switch headers on and off separator=/t|/s|<char> select tab, space, printable character as separator occurrence=f|l|a print first, last or all occurrences of each field aggregator=,|/s|<char> select comma, space, printable character as aggregator quote=d|s|n select double, single, no quotes for values -t a|ad|d|dd|e|r|u|ud output format of time stamps (def: r: rel. to first) -u s|hms output format of seconds (def: s: seconds) -l flush standard output after each packet -q be more quiet on stdout (e.g. when using statistics) -Q only log true errors to stderr (quieter than -q) -g enable group read access on the output file(s) -W n Save extra information in the file, if supported. n = write network address resolution information -X <key>:<value> eXtension options, see the man page for details -z <statistics> various statistics, see the man page for details --capture-comment <comment> add a capture comment to the newly created output file (only for pcapng) Miscellaneous: -h display this help and exit -v display version info and exit -o <name>:<value> ... override preference setting -K <keytab> keytab file to use for kerberos decryption -G [report] dump one of several available reports and exit default report="fields" use "-G ?" for more help WARNING: dumpcap will enable kernel BPF JIT compiler if available. You might want to reset it By doing "echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/core/bpf_jit_enable" |
Erst wollen wir uns die vorhandenen Interfaces anschauen und die Nummer merken.
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sudo tshark -D |
Liefert die folgende Liste der verfügbaren Interfaces:
1. eth0
2. wlan0
3. wlan0mon
4. any
5. lo (Loopback)
6. nflog
7. nfqueue
8. usbmon1
Dann mal 10 Sekunden in die Datei traffic.pcap den Netzwerkverkehr von 1 (eth0) sichern mit:
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tshark -i 1 -a duration:10 -w traffic.pcap |
Kommt es zu dieser Fehlermeldung:
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Capturing on 'eth0' tshark: The capture session could not be initiated on interface 'eth0' (You don't have permission to capture on that device). Please check to make sure you have sufficient permissions, and that you have the proper interface or pipe specified. |
dann nicht aus Sicherheitsgründen mit sudo starten. TShark sollte nicht als root ausgeführt werden und der aktuelle User hat nicht die Rechte auf die Schnittstellen zuzugreifen.
Den aktuellen User (hier pi) für den Zugriff reconfigurieren mit:
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sudo dpkg-reconfigure wireshark-common |
Es erscheint so ein Dialog:
Dort mit Ja antworten.
Damit die Berechigung für den User (pi) gesetzt wird, und es nicht zu dieser Fehlermeldung kommt:
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tshark: Couldn't run /usr/bin/dumpcap in child process: Keine Berechtigung |
Einmal:
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sudo usermod -a -G wireshark pi |
Dann einmal abmelden:
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exit |
und wieder anmelden.
Schon können Dateien im PCAP Format auf dem Raspberry Pi erzeugt werden und auf einem anderen Rechner mit Wireshark ausgewertet werden.
Auf der Konsole mit:
iw phy
Wir erhalten dann eine Ausgabe in der Form:
Wiphy phy0
Band 1:
Capabilities: 0x116e
HT20/HT40
SM Power Save disabled
RX HT20 SGI
RX HT40 SGI
RX STBC 1-stream
Max AMSDU length: 3839 bytes
DSSS/CCK HT40
Maximum RX AMPDU length 65535 bytes (exponent: 0x003)
Minimum RX AMPDU time spacing: 8 usec (0x06)
HT TX/RX MCS rate indexes supported: 0-7
Frequencies:
* 2412 MHz [1] (20.0 dBm)
* 2417 MHz [2] (20.0 dBm)
* 2422 MHz [3] (20.0 dBm)
* 2427 MHz [4] (20.0 dBm)
* 2432 MHz [5] (20.0 dBm)
* 2437 MHz [6] (20.0 dBm)
* 2442 MHz [7] (20.0 dBm)
* 2447 MHz [8] (20.0 dBm)
* 2452 MHz [9] (20.0 dBm)
* 2457 MHz [10] (20.0 dBm)
* 2462 MHz [11] (20.0 dBm)
* 2467 MHz [12] (disabled)
* 2472 MHz [13] (disabled)
* 2484 MHz [14] (disabled)
Bitrates (non-HT):
* 1.0 Mbps
* 2.0 Mbps (short preamble supported)
* 5.5 Mbps (short preamble supported)
* 11.0 Mbps (short preamble supported)
* 6.0 Mbps
* 9.0 Mbps
* 12.0 Mbps
* 18.0 Mbps
* 24.0 Mbps
* 36.0 Mbps
* 48.0 Mbps
* 54.0 Mbps
max # scan SSIDs: 4
max scan IEs length: 2257 bytes
Coverage class: 0 (up to 0m)
Supported Ciphers:
* WEP40 (00-0f-ac:1)
* WEP104 (00-0f-ac:5)
* TKIP (00-0f-ac:2)
* CCMP (00-0f-ac:4)
* CMAC (00-0f-ac:6)
Available Antennas: TX 0x1 RX 0x1
Configured Antennas: TX 0x1 RX 0x1
Supported interface modes:
* IBSS
* managed
* AP
* AP/VLAN
* WDS
* monitor
* mesh point
* P2P-client
* P2P-GO
software interface modes (can always be added):
* AP/VLAN
* monitor
valid interface combinations:
* #{ managed, WDS, P2P-client } <= 2048, #{ IBSS, AP, mesh point, P2P-GO } <= 8,
total <= 2048, #channels <= 1
Supported commands:
* new_interface
* set_interface
* new_key
* start_ap
* new_station
* new_mpath
* set_mesh_config
* set_bss
* authenticate
* associate
* deauthenticate
* disassociate
* join_ibss
* join_mesh
* remain_on_channel
* set_tx_bitrate_mask
* frame
* frame_wait_cancel
* set_wiphy_netns
* set_channel
* set_wds_peer
* tdls_mgmt
* tdls_oper
* probe_client
* set_noack_map
* register_beacons
* Unknown command (89)
* connect
* disconnect
Supported TX frame types:
* IBSS: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0
* managed: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0
* AP: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0
* AP/VLAN: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0
* mesh point: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0
* P2P-client: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0
* P2P-GO: 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0
* (null): 0x00 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x40 0x50 0x60 0x70 0x80 0x90 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0 0xe0 0xf0
Supported RX frame types:
* IBSS: 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0
* managed: 0x40 0xd0
* AP: 0x00 0x20 0x40 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0
* AP/VLAN: 0x00 0x20 0x40 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0
* mesh point: 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0
* P2P-client: 0x40 0xd0
* P2P-GO: 0x00 0x20 0x40 0xa0 0xb0 0xc0 0xd0
* (null): 0x40 0xd0
Device supports RSN-IBSS.
HT Capability overrides:
* MCS: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
* maximum A-MSDU length
* supported channel width
* short GI for 40 MHz
* max A-MPDU length exponent
* min MPDU start spacing
Device supports TX status socket option.
Device supports HT-IBSS.
Und der Interface-Typ kann mit iw dev wlan0 inof ausgegeben werden:
Interface wlan0
ifindex 6
wdev 0x2
addr 13:cc:99:99:32:fc
type managed
wiphy 0
channel 11 (2462 MHz) HT40-
Manchmal will man aber auch alle Mesh-Points in Funkreichweite sehen, das geht mit
iw dev wlan0 station dump, hier ein Beispiel:
Station 77:31:77:e7:77:f9 (on wlan0)
inactive time: 730 ms
rx bytes: 2093412
rx packets: 14162
tx bytes: 14206
tx packets: 160
tx retries: 3
tx failed: 0
signal: -46 [-46] dBm
signal avg: -45 [-45] dBm
tx bitrate: 135.0 MBit/s MCS 6 40Mhz short GI
rx bitrate: 121.5 MBit/s MCS 6 40Mhz
authorized: yes
authenticated: yes
preamble: long
WMM/WME: yes
MFP: no
TDLS peer: no
Alle vorhandenen Pfade mit Ziel-MAC-Adresse und Next-Hope-Adresse wird mit iw dev wlan0 mpath dump so angezeigt:
DEST ADDR NEXT HOP IFACE SN METRIC QLEN EXPTIME DTIM DRET FLAGS
Und zu guter letzt, die Abbildung der IP-Adressen auf die MAC-Adressen mit arp liefert:
IP address HW type Flags HW address Mask Device
192.168.2.7 0x1 0x2 77:77:77:77:77:f5 * wlan0
192.168.2.7 0x1 0x2 77:77:77:77:77:f5 * br-lan
192.168.2.111 0x1 0x2 77:77:77:77:77:f5 * br-lan
192.168.2.111 0x1 0x2 77:77:77:77:77:f5 * br-lan
